|
Khan Koten | strength1= 20,000 men〔de Hartog, ''Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World'', p. 118.〕 | strength2=80,000 | casualties1=unknown | casualties2=75,000〔Gabriel, ''Subotai The Valiant: Genghis Khan's Greatest General'', pp. 100–01.〕 }} The Battle of the Kalka River ((ロシア語:Битва на реке Калке), (ウクライナ語:Битва на річці Калка)) was fought between the Mongol Empire—whose armies were led by Jebe and Subutai the Valiant—and a coalition of several Rus' principalities, including Kiev and Galich, and the Cumans. They were under the joint command of Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav III of Kiev. The battle was fought on May 31, 1223 on the banks of the Kalka River in present-day Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, and ended in a Mongol victory. Following the Mongol invasion of Central Asia and the subsequent collapse of the Khwarezmian Empire, a Mongol force under the command of generals Jebe and Subutai advanced into Iraq-i Ajam. Jebe requested permission from the Mongolian Emperor, Genghis Khan, to continue his conquests for a few years before returning to the main army via the Caucasus. While waiting for Genghis Khan's reply, the duo set out on a raid in which they attacked Georgia and killed its king. Genghis Khan granted the duo permission to undertake their expedition, and after making their way through the Caucasus, they defeated a coalition of Caucasian tribes before defeating the Cumans. The Cuman Khan fled to the court of his son-in-law, Prince Mstislav the Bold of Galich, whom he convinced to help fight the Mongols. Mstislav the Bold formed an alliance of the Rus' princes including Mstislav III of Kiev. The combined Rus' army defeated the Mongol rearguard at first. The Rus' pursued the Mongols—who were in a feigned retreat—for several days, which spread out their armies. The Mongols stopped and assumed battle formation on the banks of the Kalka River. Mstislav the Bold and his Cuman allies attacked the Mongols without waiting for the rest of the Rus' army and were defeated. In the ensuing confusion, several other Rus' princes were defeated, and Mstislav of Kiev was forced to retreat to a fortified camp. After holding for three days, he surrendered in return for a promise of safe conduct for himself and his men. Once they surrendered, however, the Mongols slaughtered them and executed Mstislav of Kiev. Mstislav the Bold escaped, and the Mongols went back to Asia, where they joined Genghis Khan. == Background == In 1219, in retaliation for the murders of his ambassadors,〔de Hartog, ''Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World'', p. 87.〕 the Mongol Khan, Genghis Khan, invaded the Khwarezmian Empire.〔de Hartog, ''Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World'', p. 98.〕 In a campaign that lasted three years, Genghis Khan and his generals destroyed the Khwarezmian armies and caused the empire to disintegrate. The Khwarezmian Sultan Ala ad-Din Muhammad succumbed to disease on an island in the Caspian Sea, leaving his son, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu landless.〔de Hartog, ''Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World'', p. 106.〕 When Jebe (one of the Mongol generals pursuing Muhammad) heard of Ala ad-Din Muhammad's death, he asked Genghis Khan for a year or two to continue his conquests before returning to Mongolia via the Caucasus.〔de Hartog, ''Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World'', p. 107.〕 While awaiting Genghis' reply, Jebe and Subutai (another general pursuing Muhammad) led their army of 20,000 men, with each general commanding a tumen.〔 They left behind a trail of destruction as they moved through Persian Iraq (Iraq-i Ajam) and Azerbaijan, sacking the cities of Rey, Zanjan and Qazvin. The city of Hamadan surrendered without a struggle. Meanwhile, Özbeg, the Atabeg of Azerbaijan, saved his capital, Tabriz, and prevented his country's destruction by offering to the Mongols a large amount of money, clothing and horses, which were the Mongols' best weapons.〔de Hartog, ''Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World'', p. 116.〕 From Tabriz, the Mongols advanced north and made their winter base in the Mugan Steppes. There, the army was strengthened by the arrival of Kurdish and Turcoman freebooters, who offered their services to the Mongols.〔Gabriel, ''Subotai The Valiant: Genghis Khan's Greatest General'', p. 89. * de Hartog, ''Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World'', p. 116〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of the Kalka River」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|